Billing and Coding Essay Example for Free

Billing and Coding Essay Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) Level II entail nationwide codes used to report supplies and services offered within outpatient locations to Medicaid and Medicare patients that are left out by HCPSC Level I (Current Procedural Terminology -CPT) code. Recent HIPAA federal regulations require regular electronic claims to have Level II regulations. Many big countrywide players, like employee’s compensation financiers, acknowledge HCPCS level II regulations. Local Medicare transporters, business publishers, CMS, or Ingenix provide such codes (Smith, 2003). Suitable HCPCS level II regulations come before CPT codes regarding Medicare invoicing. However, numerous private players choose National Drug Codes (NDC) or Level I regulations instead of HCPCS Level II regulations, which may confuse medical care experts, thus causing denial of claims. Medical care experts ought to confirm that they are describing the correct regulations to the appropriate players through careful tracking of the billing and reporting needs of specific players. Level II regulations Describes Many heath products, however, such codes do not name real products or endorse them by assigning codes. Additionally, generation of such codes happens separate from reimbursement issues. Therefore, Level II regulations only serve to indicate the availability of a service or product in the wider health system, as opposed to justifying reimbursement (Smith, 2003). Players individually develop HCPCS Level II regulations’ criteria and rules which vary between players. HCPCS Level II regulations are comprised of a single alphabetical character (from A to V), then 4 digits. Letter ‘I’ is excluded since it may easily be confused with number ‘1’. Every letter group represents one or more areas of comparable services or products. Every letter group, and code illustrations from specific sections, are fully described on ensuing screens (http://docs. google. com/gview? a=vq=cache:DIuMS2X_QrgJ:www. ngsmedicare. com/ngsmedi are/DMEMAC/educationandSupport/ToolsandMaterials/SupManual/chapter14. pdf+Level+II+o +HCPCS+applies+and+Medicarehl=engl=ke). A regulations deal with various products and services, particularly tracheostomies, urologicals, and ostomies-related supplies. A codes also include Affordable DME, or equipments costing not more than $150, such as nebulizer substitution equipment. A code subcategories include: transport services; surgical and medical supplies; and miscellaneous, investigational, and administrative supplies and services. B codes handle parenteral and enteral nutrition services and supplies. B code-reported supplies include: feed supplies; dietary solutions; formulae; and combination pumps. C codes cover services compensated under Medicare’s OPPS -Outpatient Prospective Payment System. They don’t cover services compensated under different Medicare reimbursement systems. Private entities as well use C codes for compensation. Such codes are mandated by Medicare to report: biological, devices, and drugs qualified for intermediary pass-through imbursements for health facilities; and items categorized within fresh technology Ambulatory Payment Classifications (APC). D codes entail dental regulations. The American Dental Association (ADA) has copyrighted the Current Dental Terminology (CDT). ADA supplies such codes to CMS. E codes document Durable Medical Equipment (DME) like crutches, canes, commodes, walkers, pacemakers, restraints, wheelchairs, hospital beds, and patient lifts. G codes report professional medical care services and processes such as specialized services being considered for incorporation within the CPT code scheme and provisional procedures. National Medicaid organizations legally mandated to develop separate systems for recognizing psychological health services such as drug therapy and alcohol services use H codes. J codes describe drugs which are not normally self-administered, immunosuppressive and chemotherapy drugs pant solutions, plus other solutions and drugs. The proper code depends on factors like; dose; and administration route. K codes entail temporary DME, drugs, and supplies codes. They are generated when the relevant existing nationwide codes exclude codes needed to execute medical evaluation policies. Once endorsed for lasting incorporation into HCPCS, such codes become E, J, and A codes. L codes comprise of scoliosis apparatus, prosthetic insertions, orthopedic shoes, plus prosthetic and orphic devices and procedures. M codes cover medical services and they include: M0064; M0075; M0100; M0300; and M0301. P codes cover laboratory and pathology services and include screening laboratory and pathology services like testing Papanicolaou procedures and serum products (Smith, 2003). Q codes report many supplies and services including provisional cast provisions codes which facilitate splints and casts reimbursement after the modification of Medicare’s compensation technology. Such codes substitute ambiguous splinting and casting supplies’ codes. R codes cover analytic radiology services and document moving of moveable electrocardiogram or x-ray apparatus to patients’ homes, nursing homes, or different facilities. The Health Insurance Association (HIAA) Blue Cross/Blue Shield Association (BCBSA) uses S codes to document services, supplies, and drugs without countrywide codes, but where private entities require codes for program and policy implementation or processing of claims. Medicaid recognizes such codes; nonetheless, such are not payable. T codes report supplies and services without other stable codes. Medicaid does not accept T codes; however, they may be recognized by private entities. They describe: substance abuse therapy; home and nursing-related services; and training-related processes. V codes cover supplied and services concerned with hearing, vision, plus speech-language pathology. Vision-related provisions include: lenses; spectacles; and ocular prostheses. Hearing services consist of: hearing analyses; and hearing equipment and supplies. Speech language pathology processes include: modification or repair of supportive communication device or system; and dysphagia, language, and speech screening (http://www. lectureshare. com/download. php? q=HCPCS+overview_021532. pdfr=doc. J). References Coding:aTheaUseaofaHCPCSaLevelaIIaCodesa. Retrieved August 6th 2009 from http://www. lectureshare. com/download. php? q=HCPCS+overview_021532. pdfr=doc. J Jurisdiction B DME MAC Supplier Manual. (June 2009). Level II codes and HCPS modifiers. Retrieved August 6th 2009, from http://docs. google. com/gview? a=vq=cache:DIuMS2X_QrgJ:www. ngsmedicare. com/ngsmedicare/DMEMAC/educationandSupport/ToolsandMaterials/SupManual/chapter14. pdf+Level+II+of+HCPCS+applies+and+Medicarehl=engl=ke Smith, G. I. (2003). Basic CPT/HCPCS coding. Retrieved August 6th 2009, from http://library. ahima. org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_016767. pdf

Analysis Aviss Existing Marketing Strategy

Analysis Aviss Existing Marketing Strategy Avis jump up at Vietnam market from June 2009. They stand at one of leader positions in the car rental industry. Avis is always confident that they would bring to customers a consistent high quality and recognizable service with our dedicated team of employees  [1]  . In Vietnam market, Avis is developing tremendously two fields which are short term leasing and long term leasing. In this report, I will analysis Aviss existing marketing strategy and value creation process by marketing mix (4Ps) to help stakeholders to have an overview about advantages and disadvantages of Aviss marketing strategy. From the research of Avis that I showed at previous part, I would give the company recommendations about their marketing strategy to increase their market share, profitability,value creation, and sustainability. C:UsersHIEPCTDesktopabout_avis_1.jpg INTRODUCTION Avis always has been known as a strong brand name in the world. They have more than 3000 offices in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia and 2000 offices in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Latin America/Caribbean region. In 1970, the first office of Avis was opened in Asian in Hong Kong. Through 10 years, Avis developed steadily with many new locations in Singapore, the Philippines, Pakistan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Recently, the company opened more operations in India, China and Taiwan in 2007. Avis realized that Asia is a very potential market, so that they develop their network bigger and bigger in here. At the moment, Avis has over 235 offices in Asia in countries below: Bangladesh* Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Brunei India Mariana Islands Sri Lanka China Japan (Sales Office) Pakistan Taiwan (Sales Office) Guam Korea (South) Philippines Thailand Hong Kong Macau Sakhalin (East Russia) Vietnam At present, Avis seems to be the most popular international car rental brand in Asia with more than 34000 cars and about 2500 staffs in all operations. Long term car leasing is a type of business which Avis want to focus on. The kind of leasing has many special benefits and services which the company would bring to customers when they choose it. Current Situation of Avis Access the existing marketing strategy of Avis I would analysis 4Ps to identify the existing marketing strategy of Avis: Elements: Aviss long-term car rental services Product (Service) If you need a car in Vietnam for an extended period of time (1 year or more) but do not wish to commit yourself to buying one then Avis car leasing is for you! Avis can bring to customers benefits and services: Lower monthly payment compared to car rental Choice of your preferred vehicle make, model, color and specs Use of a professionally trained English speaking Avis driver Convenience insurance, road tax, servicing and maintenance all taken care by Avis Complimentary replacement vehicle during vehicle servicing Access to a dedicated Avis Car Leasing Account Manager Complimentary 24 Hours breakdown assistance Exclusive worldwide Avis car rental discounts for travel and home leave  [2]   Place (Distribution) Avis has over 5000 locations in the world and they have two offices in Vietnam market. Price Avis is one of the strongest brand names in the field and their services are always standing at the top, so that their price cannot cheap. Promotion Avis is a popular brand name, so that they always receive many attentions from media although they dont need to promote too much. On the other hand, Avis also advertise their services on social networks like Facebook It can be seen easily that Avis is using differentiation marketing strategy after analysing 4Ps. http://www.unconsultancy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/generic-strategies.gif The marketing strategy of the company is differentiation that means Avis want to make differentiations in the Vietnam market, to compare with their rivals. As can be known, Avis not only can bring to their consumers many choices of luxury car which includes benefits and high quality services, but also can create some special package services for customers in entertainment and business such as Gold Package, Hanoi tour package, Avis Vietnam luxury Halong Bay cruise package. They are excellent services to help consumers to visit wonder places or tourist destinations of Vietnam. Especially, Avis has list of all golf courses in Vietnam to give customers to choose and they also are the leading cruise companies in Vietnam jointly offer you the Luxury Halong Bay Cruise Package. In US market, Avis apply the differentiation marketing strategy to develop as well. As can be seen, Avis in US has not only given care rental but also bought their car and they have a service to make their customer interest in which is ultimate test drive. The service gives consumers chance to try driving a car before they decide to buy it with many benefits: Thousands of low-mileage, late-model vehicles for sale More than 75 well-maintained makes and models Take Avis Ultimate Test Drive for two hours or up to 3 days Low, pre-posted pricing no negotiation Try before you buy  [3]   In my opinion, its really a good marketing strategy which is different and can attract customers come to Avis. Identify the value creation progress of Avis I would use value chain to analysis value creation progress of Avis Vietnam: Inbound Logistics Avis is exist and developing through many years, so that the relationship between the company and car suppliers or partners is very good. However, there are many Vietnams automobile taxes which are very high. Therefore, Avis should concentrate more about this point to reduce the cost. Operations Resource inputs are not only luxury cars. People are a resource especially in service industries. Therefore, Avis trains staffs to build trusted consumer relationships by the premium service. Outbound Logistics Avis product their services through network operators and system of offices in the world. The customer can book schedule by internet or offices. Any car was test carefully before serving customers. Marketing and Sales Avis group uses advertising on network social like Facebook, promotions, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to inform customers about their services. Besides that, Avis builds belief of customers by providing best service and allowed them to segment the market effectively. Service Avis supplies the best services to customers and the addition benefits with it. It is discount, insurance car or monthly check, repaired car, and so onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Support activities Procurement Acquire the resource inputs to the primary actives: Avis always supplied quality cars for their services. In addition, the company will be preferred to pick up the customer at airport by Vietnam airline or received tourist transport contacts from Vietnam national administration of tourism  [4]  . Technology development In my opinion, Avis certainly had some research about Vietnam market and demand of Vietnamese people. Therefore, they made a different thing with other market which is car rental including driver. In addition, they also dont buy their car at Vietnam market like others. Human resource management Avis always hide good drivers who even know to speak English. Avis always want to ensure about their quality services so that the attitude of employees is very important. Avis usually trains them carefully and also provide the chance to employees study and learning to develop their skill. Quality Management Avis believe that corporate sustainability can only be effective if it embraces all steps of the value chain. This is why the Avis not only sets the highest standards for itself but also expects suppliers and partners to meet ecological and social standard. Competitive advantage Resource based view (RBV) Hollensen, S. (2003) defined that long term competitiveness of a company depends on its resources that differentiate it from its competitors, so that the first step, I would analysis tangible resource and intangible resource of Avis Tangible: The quality of Avis car rental. Have more 5000 locations in the world. In Asian, Avis has over 34000 luxury cars for leasing and a large human resource with 2500 employees. Intangible: Strong brand name in the world. Avis has research about Vietnam market before jumping up. Experience in car rental business through many years Special services for any locations Skill and knowledge of employees. Avis has been active in this field for over 40 years, so they have a lot of experience in the car rental field. In addition, the core competence of Avis which is created by the combination of all tangible and intangible resources above, Avis would have a big competitive advantage in Vietnam market. Market oriented view (MOV) There are three main elements of environment which includes customer, competitors, environment; Avis has to adapt to create differentiations from their competitors. Customer: Vietnamese people has trend to own car, instead of using car rental services of Avis. Avis should have more strategies to stimulate customers to use services more. Competitors: Hertz, Enterprise, etc are Aviss major competitors. In Vietnam market, Avis would be competitive by smaller company who set the lower price for their services. Environment: Long-term car rental is preferred for the kind of customers who usually has to use car but dont want to pay a large of money to buy in a period. Especially, the service including driver to help their consumers not to worry about Vietnamese traffic laws which is very complicated. All these changes to suit with environment create differentiation for Aviss services. Base on analysis RBV and MOV, it founds that the core competence and those differentiation create competitive advantage for Avis in Vietnam market. PESTLE analysis Political Legal Environment: There is only one Party nationally in Vietnam, so that they have a stable political situation. In addition, the Government has had reform to develop suitably with international and nation situation at any period. Government also builds the Law of Foreign Investment to encourage organizations to invest in Vietnam market. However, the traffic in Vietnam isnt good, especially in Hanoi and Hochiminh with too large vehicle density, so that the Government has to limit the number of transport, especially car. Therefore, Government brings out policies and law (high taxed rate) applies for car, especially imported car. Economic The Vietnamese economy has been developing rapidly and in 2008, World Bank published that Vietnam is one of the best performing economies in the world over the last decade. Vietnam has joined WTO in 2007 and its quietly opened for foreign company to run business in the market. On the other hand, GDP in 2009-10 in Vietnam grew less than the 7% per annum average achieved during the last decade and the inflation rate increased from 7% to 9% because the global economic which affect to Vietnam, is unstably. Therefore, its really a opportunity with Avis because purchasing power would be decreased which means citizen wouldnt dare bring a large of money to buy car and they can choose Aviss services to save money. It can be a big chance which Avis should concentrate on. (See appendix 1) Social culture According to CIA, Vietnam is really a densely populated country with the population is over 90 million by 2011. However, the Vietnamese people are concentrated mainly in big cities such as Hanoi, Hochiminhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which is always potential markets for Avis. Thats reason why Avis opened two operations at the cities. The demand for using car of Vietnamese people is increasing rapidly, but they usually want to own one instead of renting car. That is a big different about culture among Vietnam and others. Technology: Nowadays, technology is focused by all of the governments in the world, media tools are developing more and more, especially internet. We can update all of news every time in everywhere. As can be seen that, media usually affect to customers buying behavior. In 2011, VNNIC published that 42% of poplar use internet as daily communication. We can be sure that advertising and promotion on internet network would help Avis to have a big advantage in marketing. In fact, Avis has promoted their advertising for the services in Vietnam market on their website and Facebook which can be connected easily with customers. Discussion SWOT analysis Strengths Avis is a strong brand name in car rental business in the world. They have developed their business very successful through over 40 years, so that their experiences in the field have been acknowledged. In addition, Avis has a large network with over 5000 locations in the international market. With over 34,000 cars and over 2,500 employees throughout the region, Avis is the leading international car rental brand in Asia and Avis really has good websites, retailer stores and operations around the world. The company also has many kinds of luxury cars to help their customers to choose. To use the long-term leasing of Avis, consumers would receive many benefits and services from Avis with the highest quality. Weakness Avis just appeared at Vietnam market in recent, so that they have only two operations at the country (at Hanoi capital and Ho Chi Minh City). The demand for long-term rental of Vietnamese people is not high and to change their minds is a difficult mission with the company. Opportunity Vietnam always is a potential market for almost of luxury products or services. The standard life of Vietnamese people is increasing more and more, so that to use new services or products can be interested by them. In addition, the service of Avis can help them to save their money although they can still use a luxury car. On the other hand, Avis has not many competitors who can bring to customers good services like them at Vietnam market. Threat Vietnamese Government doesnt encourage increasing the number of car in circulation at Vietnam, especially at Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh because the traffic congestion in the two cities is very high. Avis also should care about their competitor Satsco  [5]  that is an indigenous company. The key strengths and weaknesses of Avis existing marketing strategy Strengths Special services to attract customers Have many promotions with high quality services. Use professional website and Facebook to advertise Co-operated with many famous partners in Vietnam market. Weakness Just only two operations in Vietnam market (in Hanoi and Hochiminh) while Danang and Haiphongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are also big cities which are potential markets as well. Avis dont publish their price on public, so that the customer will be lack of information. They dont advertise on other media like television, newspaperwhich are easy to attract customers. Recommendations Segmentation, Targeted, Positioning. Segmentation: The main customers of Aviss car long-term rental are both male and female who have at least average income or small company because they have demand to use car but they havent enough money or save their money. The largest number of customer would focus on big cities such as Hanoi, Hochiminh, Haiphong, Danangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ However, the economy is developing, so that the segmentation in Vietnam market would be larger. Targeting: Socio-demographic Age: over 25 Income: Above $2000/month Education: graduated, post graduated Occupation: Businessman, artists Geographic: all three regions. Social class: upper-middle, lower-upper, upper-upper Behaviouristic Loyalty: moderate and loyalty Shopping habit: want to use high quality services. Psychographic Interest: class asserting Value: Living standard, convenience Benefit sought Product features: attractive, unique, promotions, benefits including. Positioning: Because of the high quality service, price of Aviss services wouldnt be cheap. High price Aviss car rental Low quality High quality Low price Growth strategy MarketMarket penetration; (for growth) or consolidation (to maintain position) or withdraw Product development Diversification Market Development Present New Present Product New Ansoffs matrix Avis has already had two operations in Hanoi and Hochiminh in Vietnam. Avis should think about expanding stores in other. Therefore, market development is suitable strategy for company at this time. Objective and Goal of Aviss car long-term rental Objective: Lead to the best car rental service in 2014 Goals: Increase revenue by 30% in next two year Have operations in Danang in 2013, Haiphong in 2015 Gain more 10% market share at the end of 2013 The detail plan would be present at Appendix 2. Marketing strategy and program (Marketing Mix) Marketing mix includes 7Ps which Avis has to apply in their marketing plan for achieving. Product: Product refers to the goods and services which firms offer to their customers. Firms must place sufficient importance to the product/service as well as the other aspects associated with the product that attract customer attention.  [6]   Aviss car rental was created to serve customers who need to use car but they havent enough money or want to save money for other works. Avis always understand demands of customers in Vietnam market. Therefore, in addition to normally benefits in services, Avis also make a new different service including drivers for the market which is very necessary with traffic conditions in Vietnam. Price: The price has always been regarded as an important competitive factor in attracting customers. The price of Avis is not published on their anywhere but the service of a famous company like Avis cant be cheap. Therefore, Avis should concentrate on the issue because the average income of Vietnamese people was just about $1.100 (2010). Promotion: Promotion plays an important role in companys marketing strategy. Firstly, we have to decide what components of the communication mix that should be used in the plan. There are many media that Avis can choose to promote: Television, Radio, Newspaper or Magazines, Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In addition, Avis could advertise their service through internet networks such as Aviss official website, online newspapers, forums, social network (Facebook, Twitter, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). IT is developing more and more at the moment, so that it could be the most effective promoting channel with very low cost for Avis. On the other hand, Avis should bring out discount policy or giving giftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which would attract more customers. (You can see more detail in Appendix 3) Place: At the moment, there are two ways for Avis to connect with customers. One way is that their customers can come to Aviss operation directly. Avis has two operations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh for transaction. If customers havent time or are so far from the company, they can choose contact with Avis indirectly through their website. Its also comfortable and convenience. In the future, Avis should set to open more operations in other big cities of Vietnam to expand their market in Vietnam. People People are one of the key elements to help the organization to achieve. In this case of Avis, sale forces and drivers would direct communicate with customer so they create the image of Avis. Therefore, to train staffs is important mission with Avis. Process Avis should invest in RD project for better understanding customer need and RD is also help Avis gathering customer feedback because as can be seen that customer communication is an important process with the company. Avis also has to provide information (especially about price) to customers on their website and public through advertising. Physical evidence The car using in rental always need to be clear and comfortable, luxury, elegance to attack customers. In addition, drivers should wear uniform which can create imagine of Avis brand and its also show that the attitude serving of Avis is always professional. The customer can always believe in the company. CONCLUSION Car rental is a new type of services, especially in Vietnam. Vietnamese people are not really familiar with long-term leasing. However, with new marketing strategy, I believe Avis car long-term leasing would be more preferred and Avis would still lead to the first place in car rental industry not only in others but also in Vietnam market. World count: 3297 REFERENCES University of Sunderland, BA (Honor) (2005), Marketing Strategy, University of Sunderland. Kotler, P., Wong, V., Saunders, J. and Armstrong, G. (2005), Principles of Marketing, 4th European edition, Pearson Education, Prentice Hall Ansoff, I. (1965), Corporate strategy, New York: McGraw Hill Barker, M. (1992) Marketing strategy and management, 2nd edition, HongKong : Macmillan Dyson, R. (1990) Strategic Planning Models and Analytical Techniques, Oxford: John Wiley and sons. Hollensen, S. (2003) Marketing strategy, London: Prentice Hall Porter, M. (1990), The competitive Advantage of Nations, London: Macmillan BPP Professional Education (2004), Mandatory Unit 7: Business Strategy, 1st edition, London: Aldine House, Aldine Place The Hinton information service (2007) Strong Momentum Driving Jewellery and Watch Market The Hilton information service [Online], available from: http://www.hintoninfo.com/view.asp?992d862e04cfa831 [accessed Sep 20 2012] Avis, official website: http://www.avis.com.vn/vi/about_avis.html CIA The World Factbook, East and Southeast Asia: Vietnam [Online], available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html [accessed Sep 21, 2012] Ehow.com, Market strategy analysis tools [Online], available from : http://www.ehow.com/info_8361829_market-strategy-analysis-tools.html [accessed Sep 22, 2012] Quickmba.com, Value chain [Online], available from: http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/value-chain/ [accessed Sep 22, 2012] General Statistics Office of Vietnam, official website: http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=491 Business dictionary, Competitive advantage [Online], available from: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/competitive-advantage.html [access on Sep 24, 2012] Jbdon.com, Positioning map, [Online], available from: http://www.jbdon.com/uploads/6/0/4/3/6043586/9761212.jpgw=250h=250ei=Mo5eUPiDJOaziQer2oDoBAzoom=1iact=hcvpx=863vpy=136dur=3758hovh=200hovw=200tx=80ty=130sig=111527053491877461160page=4tbnh=157tbnw=157start=56ndsp=20ved=1t:429,r:8,s:56,i:279 [accessed Sep 24,2012] BIBLIOGRAPHY Doyle, P. and Stern, P. (2006) Marketing management and strategy, 4th edition, London: Prentice Hall Satsco, office website: http://www.satsco.com.vn/lang=vn Studiowide.co.uk, Posts tagged marketing strategy, [Online], available from: http://www.studiowide.co.uk/blog/tag/marketing-strategy [accessed Sep 21,2012] HighBeam Research (2005), Citizen expands its market in India HighBeam Research [Online], available from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-138782661.htm [accessed Sep 22, 2012] HighBeam Research (2008),Wristwatch may be the next casualty of modern timers, HighBeam Research [Online], available from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-240663353.html [accessed 22 Sep, 2012] HighBeam Research (2010) Microsoft Presents Smart personal objects technology (SPOT) based wristwatches at CES, HighBeam Research, [Online], available from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-132146956.html [accessed 22 Sep, 2012] Lorelli.fr, Heading toward a learning company [Online], available from: http://www.lorelli.fr/index-eng.html [accessed Sep 22, 2012] Pegasuscom.com, value creation and business success [Online], available from: http://www.pegasuscom.com/levpoints/valuecreate.html [accessed 22 Sep, 2012] Johnson, S. and Jones, C. 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UK Government Guidelines on Food and Nutrition

UK Government Guidelines on Food and Nutrition â€Å"Nutrition is the term used for the science or study of food and how the body uses the constituent s of food† (Carolyn C., Food Nutrition and How the Body Works, P.23) Children require the right amount of vitamins and minerals to promote healthy development, therefore the UK government has set guidelines for babies and children’ food consumption to promote healthy development. The Food Standards Agency is responsible for food safety and food hygiene across the UK. The Food Standards Agency works closely with local authority enforcement officers to make sure food law is applied throughout the food chain. The Food standards Agency enforces good food hygiene through the hygiene rating and a child care provider must be able to perform to a good rating. The rating is from a scale of 0 – 5. The main government guidelines on food and nutrition can be identified in the table below; BIRTH TO 6 MONTHS 6-9 MONTHS 9 MONTHS + Breast milk or infant formula is the only food that a child needs from birth to 6-months. In the child care setting breast milk must be properly stored to prevent food poising .Adequate sterilization and hygiene must be maintained for both breast milk and infant formula. Various ranges of prepared food and cereals are available for baby consumption and these could also be prepared and pureed at home, frozen into ice cube trays and used when needed. Along with healthy fruits and cereal snacks, breast milk and infant formula can still be given. For hungry babies weaning process begin ealier, though government guidelines states that solid food should be introduced after 6months.Child care provider has to avoid some food types such as –Eggs, Liver, fish, shellfish, nuts, seeds, wheat and gluten-based food, unpasteurised and soft cheese. Babies diet should include milk and dairy, fruit and vegetables, meat, fish, eggs and beans, rice, potatoes and starchy foods and these should be observed by the child care provider in a child care setting for healthy living The recommended guideline for serving of solid food portion from 9 months is ; 2 servings per day of meat, fish, eggs and pulses 3 to 4 servings per day of fruit and vegetables 3 to 4 servings per day of potatoes, bread and rice. Vitamins drops may still be given to supplement the vitamins A , C , and D got from food as advised by the Department of Health to prevent children lacking these vitamins. Vitamin A –helps children to see in dim light, supports and strengthen the immune system and ensure healthy skin. Vitamin C – helps the absorption of iron and supports immune system. Vitamin D – helps strengthen bones and assist the absorption of calcium. All these must be maintained by the child care provider to achieve healthy lifestyle for the children. TYPES OF FOOD THAT ARE UNSUITABLE FOR BABIES AND YOUNG CHILDREN Any food and drink provided by the childcare setting should be properly prepared, nutritious and comply with any special dietary requirements. (Teena K, Children’s Care Learning and Development, P.128) Government guidance on food considered to be unsuitable for babies and young children is key for both parents and child care providers. The food type that is unsuitable for babies and young children are sugar, honey, Nuts, Eggs, Raw shellfish, Foods low in Fat, Swordfish, Shark and Marlin. Sugar causes acid erosion which is the main cause of tooth decay in children. Young children should avoid sugar especially sugary drinks and snack which are majorly in pre-packed convenience foods. Child care provider must ensure that children are encouraged to take only water and milk and avoid fizzy drinks and sugary snacks to prevent tooth decay which affects the milk teeth. Good. Honey – It is naturally believed that this liquid gold is better for consumption that white refined sugars but for infant below 1 year of age, ingesting honey is unsuitable for their health and wellbeing. Honey may be contaminated by bacteria called Clostridium botulinum though not harmful to adult but grows in the gastrointestinal track of babies below 1 year and cause a medical condition called Infant Botulism. One of the symptoms is constipation, child failing to feed and later lethargy which manifest months after consumption of spores, which grows in the gastro-intestinal track of infant as they grow and releases toxins into the bloodstream. Infant Botulism in babies can be treated with artificial Ventilation in incubator and a drug named botullinum Immunoglobulin (BabyBIG). Salt – It is one of United Kingdom’ most excessively consumed minerals. Salt is dangerous for babies because their kidney cannot process the salt the way an adult’ kidneys can. It is important for parents’ and child care providers to prepare food for babies at home and avoid processed convenience foods, as recommended in the guidelines by Food Standards Agency in the salt consumption table below; The recommended maximum daily salt intake for infant children and adult Age Target average salt intake (g/d) 0-6 months Less than 1 7-12months 1 1-3years 2 4-6years 3 7-10 years 5 11 years+ 6 Nuts – Nuts can cause choking hazard in children under 5years especially whole nuts. From NHS information, percentage of population affected by peanut allergy is 1%.Childcare provider must ensure that children with allergy reaction to nuts or who have siblings with allergy to nuts should not be given nuts with parental consent. Eggs – Eggs should be avoided for babies below 6months, especially if a family member has egg allergy. Babies’ delicate intestinal system reacts to protein in eggs up to the age of 6months and after 6months child care provider must ensure that egg is well cooked to reduce the risk of salmonella infection in eggs which causes diarrhoea and vomiting. Swordfish, Shark and Marlin – These have levels of mercury which can be detrimental to the growth of a baby’ nervous system. If the recommended limit is exceeded, it allows a toxic build-up in children and adverse effect on the central nervous system and cause impairments in movement and cognitive brain function by displacement of essential neurons. Foods low in fat – Children should be given whole milk yoghurt fromage frais, as children get essential nutrients and energy from foods containing fat and this is not present in low fat food. The fat containing food can be slowly reduced after the age of 2years. Raw Shellfish – shellfish should be avoided in children as it is allergenic and contains salmonella bacteria that cause food poisoning. It should be avoided until older age. CHILD RECORD FORM Child record form for a new child in child care setting with specific dietary requirements; CHILD RECORD FORM To be completed and signed by the parent/guardian/carer and given to the childminder. Child’s nameJoy Idara Date of birth23/11/2009 Home address44 Well road, Colchester, Essex Post CodeCO4 0AZ Telephone number 074 Parent/Guardian/Carer’s NameEsse Idara Address (if different from above) ___________________________________________________________ Place of work Milnet, Colchester Work number 01206†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mobile074†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Parent/Guardian/Carer’s NameMatt Idara Address (if different from above) ___________________________________________________________ Place of workBaka Mill, Colchester Work number 01206†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Mobile074†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Who to contact in an emergency (other than Parent/guardian/carer) Mary Band Telephone number 074†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Name of person who will collect childEsse Idara Other persons who may collect childMatt Idara Further information (if necessary) _________________________________________________________ Child’s doctorRaymond Rock AddressMain Surgery, Ipswich road, colchester Telephone number01206†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Immunisation/Vaccinations: Has the child been fully immunised against: YES/NO Diphtheria Whooping cough yes Tetanus yes Polio yes Measles yes Mumps yes Rubella yes Hib Meningitis yes Other________________________________________________________________ Special Diet/ Allergies/ Health problems/ Childhood illnessesJoy is allergic to cow milk and so must not take cow milk or come in contact with a cow as this can cause allergic reaction by swelling of throat and mouth, or burn on skin. If there is an emergency due to ingestion, administer adrenaline through an Epi-pen as prescribed by her Doctor this is kept in her locked container. This should be administered by a properly trained person. Good. Anything else the childminder should know about your child e.g. likes dislikes, fears, comfort items, Special words ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ PARENT/GUARDIAN/CARER Signature _____________________________ Date ________________ Note that this form should be documented accurately in case of emergency and for first aid administration and treatment CHILDHOOD CHRONIC DISEASES Chronic Disease is a long-lasting condition that can be controlled but not cured. Most chronic diseases do not resolve spontaneously, and are generally not cured completely. Some can be immediately life-threatening; others can persist over time and can be intensive in terms of management (e.g. diabetes). Most chronic diseases persist in an individual through life, but are not always the cause of death. Children suffer from various chronic diseases which can have effect on their physical and mental development. Some childhood chronic diseases which can affect development are; Diabetes, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis and Cerebral Palsy. Diabetes – â€Å"Diabetes is a lifelong condition thatcauses a persons blood sugar level to become too high† (NHS Choices, Health A-Z, Diabetes). It is caused by having too much glucose in the blood and has two types. Type 1 is diagnosed in adolescence and controlled by insulin injection, Type 2 diagnosed in adulthood and controlled through diet and tablets. Development can be adversely affected by diabetes retinopathy, in which damage occurs to the blood vessel in the retina which can impair a child’ vision and damage the eyes, thereby affecting the physical and intellectual development due to loss of sight. Also, diabetes nephropathy causes complication to the feet and if sores and blisters to the fee are not treated infection can occur and result in nerve damage to the feet. Asthma – Asthma is a chronic condition affecting the lungs which can be effectively controlled in most children. Asthma affects the airways, when a child comes in contact with something that irritates their lungs know as trigger such as tobacco smoke, pollen or allergy like pet hair, their airways narrow, the lining becomes inflamed, the muscles around them tighten, and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus or phlegm. This makes it difficult to breathe and causes symptoms such as wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath. Some of the medication for the treatment of asthma is preventer and reliever inhaler, and steroid medication. Asthma can affect emotional and intellectual development, for instance if a child is always absent from school to get treatment for the disease, this in turn affects the child’ target in school by missing work at school. Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition in which the lungs and digestive system become cloggedwith thick sticky mucus. It is an inherited chronic health condition that affects a child’ internal organ particularly the lungs. This causes pancreatic problems resulting into poor digestion of food and leading to poor development by inadequate growth as a result of malnutrition. Cystic fibrosis can be treated with range of therapies, including medication, diet, and physiotherapy to remove mucus from the lungs. Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain, that usually occurs before, during or after a child is born. Cerebral palsy refers to group of neurological conditions such as muscle problems, speech impairment and stiffness on one side of the body. Cerebral palsy affects children in many ways such as children having mobility problems, and some requiring lifelong care. This affects physically, emotional and intellectual development through hearing and visual impairment and delayed growth. Also, it can cause serious distress for those caring for the child. Help and support to parents and those caring for children is available on NHS choices website. Reference List Carolyn Childs, 2001, Food and Nutrition in the Early Years, UK, Hodder Stoughton Marilyn B.Dawn R. and Katty W. , 1999, Early Years Care, UK, Hodder Stoughton NHS Choices, Health A-Z (www.nhs.uk) Teena Kamen, 2007, Children’s Care Learning and Development, UK, Hodder Arnold Tina B Carolyn M, 2006, Understanding the Behaviour of Children, UK, Hodder Education

Mark Twain, The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Essay -- essays researc

In the novel by Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the two main characters, Huck and Jim, are strongly linked. Their relation is portrayed by various sides, some of them good and some others bad. But the essential interest of that relation is the way that uses the author to describe it. Even if he had often been misunderstood, Twain always implied a message behind the themes developed around Huck and Jim. The first encounter between Huck Finn and Jim is at the beginning of the book, when Huck’s friend, Tom Sawyer, tries to fool Jim, Miss Watson’s slave. Huck and Jim still don’t know each other, but Huck isn’t biased against the old slave. It’s an important point because, as racism was a widely held mentality in the South, we can learn that that young boy was more open-minded than most people there. Later, they find themselves in the same situation. As they were escaping from the civilized world, they take refuge in the Jackson’s Island, on the Mississippi river. Huck is running away from a bad father and Jim has leaved Miss Watson because he didn’t want to be sold to New Orleans. Soon after joining Jim on the island, Huck begins to realize that Jim has more talents and intelligence than Huck has been aware of. Jim knows "all kinds of signs" about the future, people's personalities, and weather forecasting. Huck finds this kind of information necessary as he and Jim drift down the Mississippi on a raft. As important, Huck feels a comfort with Jim that he has not felt with the other major characters in the novel. With Jim, Huck can enjoy the best aspects of his earlier influences. Jim's meaning to Huck changes as they proceed through their adventure. He starts out as an extra person just to take on the journey, but they transform into a friend. "It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger."(chap. XV) Huck tries to squeal on Jim but can't because he remembers that Jim called him "de bes' fren' I ever had;...de on'y white genlman dat ever kep' his promise to ole Jim."(chap. XVI) Huck reali zes that he can not turn Jim in since they both act as runaway outcasts on the river. The support they have for each other sprouts friendship. As does the Widow, Jim allows Huck security, but Jim is not as confining as is the Widow. Like Tom Sawyer, Jim is intelligent but his intelligence ... ...cial bigot, Tom. In addition, both sacrifices have as a consequence a life of everlasting hell. When Huck sacrifices himself for Jim, he accepts a literal hell (that is truly the path to heaven). Jim, on the other hand, accepts a life of figurative hell in slavery, when he is in fact free all along. Finally, each sacrifice shares irony, in that they were both based on unknown pieces of unknown, but significant pieces of information. Huck is unaware that his decision of accepting "hell" will actually lead to his salvation and ironically decides on doing what the thinks is "wrong." Likewise, Jim is unaware that he is free, and is not risking his freedom in saving Tom. In making these two brave sacrifices, Huck and Jim achieve a higher character than if they had chosen easier paths. Huck's willingness to face hell to protect Jim and Jim's willingness to face capture and slavery to save Tom, both contribute to the overall theme of racial equality/inequality present throughout the book. Huck and Jim's journey down the Mississippi River has led them to look past colour boundaries, and discover that "all me are created equal."

Essay --

1) Short Introduction The wine sector has a long history that dates back to early human history, when fruit juices accidentally fermented, leaving behind a pleasant drink for people to enjoy to the present. Wine is a mark of cultural heritage; it is an ancient and celebrated drink; it is an international symbol of festivity. About 6000 BC, the first trade took place between the Ancient Armenia and Babylon. With the social and technology development, wine sector not only develop more precise control of the brewing process, but also develop a variety of new brewing methods. In the modern era, wine spread from Europe to the New World along with the conquistadores and colonists of the 16th and 17thcenturies, so they are divided into the Old World and the New World, the New World stands for the US, Australia, New Zealand, Chile and Argentina, the Old World represents France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal and other countries. The Old World stands for traditional and history, while the New World implies tec hnology and marketing. The New World has very few restrictions, producers are free to plant whatever grape varieties they want and make the wine however they deem appropriate. On the contrary, the Old World has to follow a detailed set of rules that govern what can be planted, density of planting, training and pruning methods, and so on. With the increase of competitive, there is a need for it to adapt to new conditions and market demands to stay profitable and continue its success. As far as regional origins are concerned, the French vineyard can be classified into 14 main wine- producing regions, which are, as ranked in terms of quantitative and qualitative importance: the Bordeaux, Burgundy, Beaujolais, Champagne, Alsace, Jura... ...gional wine producers were traditionally specialized in table wine, characterized by a relatively low quality and brand power, which created additional barriers to successful strategic differentiation and market re-positioning. 6. Languedoc Roussillon is not well known like Bordeaux and Burgundy, so it needs to let world to be familiar with it and improve promotion. 7. Lack of knowledge and skills. Many small wine producers were organized as traditional family firms, with exclusive agricultural and production expertise passed down from one generation to the next. In the past, the relatively constant level of demand did not require specific commercial or marketing skills to sell the produced wine. Therefore, many producers lacked the necessary expertise to understand the long-term consequences of the market failure, and the capacity to take decisive strategic action.

Chinese peasant and Communism DBQ Essay

Between circa 1925 and circa 1950, the relations between the Chinese peasants and the Chinese Communist Party became out of hand due to the peasant rebellions/uprising groups present, the tension between Japan and the communist party, and most notable the mass reform during this time period. In 1927 the rising leader of the Chinese Communist party was acknowledging that soon the upsurge of peasant rebellion was soon, and that will soon rise up and overpower the wealthy landowning class. (DOC 1). In 1941 a Japanese official report had noted that due to extreme similarities between the peasants and local communist guerrilla unit. These similarities would’ve made it hard from a commoner point of view to distinguish between the two groups, and allowing the rebels to remain hidden easier. (DOC 3). William Hinton of the Chinese Communist Land reform reported that in 1948, the arming of the peasants to fight Japan had a substantial effect. Arming of the peasants gave them a trouble-free way to rise up and make the landlords pay for their abuse and make them repay the overcharges and restore land to proper owners. (DOC 6). As the peasants where preoccupied in their uprising the Communist party struggled to attract the peasant population to their side in fighting Japan. An Additional document that may help strengthen this argument would be a journal from a noble in a city or town close to the heart of China where the uprisings where present. As Communist China strived to attract the peasant majority to fight against China it brought quite a lot of tension throughout the state. The attraction began in 1942 with a report from the Communist Central Committee implying that the peasants contribute to the basic strength of the Anti-Japanese War. That they must improve life for the peasants and grant more rights if they even wish to have them voluntarily fight for them.(DOC 5). A report was released in 1942 that gave descriptions of the result of Japanese attack on Chinese soil. Most of the statistics used in the report may have been false in the communists endeavor to gain the peasant population.(DOC 4). However in  the communists pursuit they had persuaded some people of the peasant community. A conversation between a teenage peasant and his grandfather explained some of the goods that communism had brought to the Chinese. From the grandfather’s point of view, Communism had brought nothing but greatness to the Chinese state, but at the time period such claims would often be argued, thus building tension.(DOC 2). With the prevalent tension and the armed peasants it led to a mass reform during this period. An Addition document that may help in this would most definitely be a journal from a pro Communism and anti Communism to see the variety of views on the group. With the uprisings become stronger, and tensions building greater it led to a massive reform across the state. The reforms began first in 1948 with the arming of the peasants in China to fight against Japan, with the peasants armed it had prompted rebellion against the landlords taking the power from them and taking back what was originally theirs. (DOC 6). With the picture of the peasant sticking their tongue out to the landlord shows how the power has shifted quite massively. The fact that struggle meetings where organized in the land reform process quite well shows that the peasants have the power now.(DOC 9). In the same year of 1950, along with change of power there was also a change in life for women, and rights for them. There was establishment of a democratic marriage system prompted equal rights to women and freedom for whom they partner with.(DOC 8). Prior to the new marriage system and land reform it was prompted by the abolishment of the landlord class, and a peasant land ownership was established. Giving the peasants more freedom in their lives, then leading to the equal rights for woman and marriage.(DOC 7). With all the various reforms during this time the peasants point of view must be confident in their abilities how they have essentially rose to the top. I feel another good document to support my claims would simply be a report from a Communist general on his views of the massive reform the peasants had ignited. Throughout circa 1925 and circa 1950 across the Chinese Civil War and Anti-Japanese war the relations between the peasants of China and the Communist party grew out of hand. Due to the increasing of peasants uprising and rebellions, in addition to the tension built between the anti Communism  and pro Communism peasants, and to finish the mass amounts of reform occurring during the era.

Occupational Adaptation Theory

There are many models that provide healthcare professionals with a filter in how they view and asses occupational challenges that individuals encounter. The occupational adaptation (OA) model is based on the assumption that the more adaptable an individual is, in an ever-changing environment, the more functional they become (Schultz, 2014). This assumption is what separates the OA model from other models (Schultz, 2014). The person-environment-occupation (PEO) model, for example, typically assesses environmental barriers which impede an individual's functional performance and make modifications to the environment to improve occupational performance (Brown, 2014). While the PEO model is successful in promoting the best fit between an individual, their environment, and their occupation (Brown, 2014), other healthcare professionals find success through the use of the OA model by promoting adaptability within the environment (Schultz, 2014).History of Occupational AdaptationThe theory of occupational adaptation was developed by Janette Schkade and Sally Schultz in 1992 at Texas Woman's University (Schultz, 2014). Schkade and Schultz were part of the faculty who was challenged by the dean of the program at Texas Woman's University to develop a Ph.D. program in occupational therapy (Schultz, 2014). It was agreed upon that occupation and adaptation were important concepts of occupational therapy (Schultz, 2014). When the Ph.D. program was established, occupational adaptation was foundational to their philosophy and research (Schultz, 2014). The focus of the theory of occupational adaptation is to enhance overall performance (Schultz, 2014). By developing this theory, Schkade and Schultz's goal was to develop adaptive skills and successfully achieve personal adaptation. Furthermore, the theory of occupational adaptation is based on the relationship between occupational performance and human adaptation (Schultz, 2014).Occupational Adaptation TheoryOccupational performance is defined as having the ability to carry out roles, routines, and tasks in response to demands of the environment (Ranka, J., & Chapparo, C. 1997). The OA theory emphasizes the influence of the interaction between the environment and an individual on occupational performance (Schultz, 2014). Schkade and Schultz found that the more adaptive a person becomes, the more functional they are which improves overall occupational performance. Personal adaptation is defined as an ongoing change of order and disorder, and reorganization (Schultz, 2014). The environment is an area that is largely out of one's control; to be functional in an ever-changing area, it is best to adjust to the given circumstance (Schultz, 2014). Schematic Schkade, J. K., ; Schultz, S. (1992)Occupational Adaptation Process ModelIn the occupational adaptation process model by Schkade ; Schultz (1992), the person is influenced by internal factors which demand adaptation and create a desire for mastery. An individual's internal factors are influenced by the sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychosocial systems (Schultz, 2014). These systems are responsible for responses to the environment and challenges (Schultz, 2014). The occupational environment poses external factors in which an individual's roles and occupations take place (Schultz, 2014). The occupational environment creates a demand for mastery and is strongly associated with a person's physical, social, and cultural background (Schultz, 2014). External factors largely affect an individual's response and ability to adapt (Schultz, 2014). Through occupation, there is constant interaction between an individual and the occupational environment (Schultz, 2014). Due to the consistent interaction between a person and his or her environment, occupational challenges arise and a press for mastery is created (Schultz, 2014). The occupational role expectation is contingent upon the environment and demands for adaptation in response to the occupational challenge (Schultz, 2014). When an individual adapts to changes in the environment, this is called the â€Å"occupational response† (Schultz, 2014).Role of Occupational TherapistThe theory of occupational adaptation focuses on developing an individual's adaptive skills through therapeutic use of occupation (Schultz, 2014). The therapeutic use of occupation uses occupational activities to promote the desire to adapt and succeed (Schultz, 2014). The techniques that are used to promote the desire to adapt are crucial for success or otherwise could provide the opposite results and inhibit the desire to adapt (Schultz, 2014). Interferences that often impede an individual's success are poor approach, repetition of ineffective exercises, depression, and frustration (Schultz, 2014). Therapists should grade activities using the â€Å"just right† approach so that a person feels successful, but is still challenged (Schultz, 2014). While some interferences can be overcome for success, deficits in sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychosocial systems place significant limitations on an individual's ability to respond with adaptations (Schultz, 2014). The role of the therapist is not to take away a person's challenges, but to help them to discover their ability to adapt (Schultz, 2014).Application to Occupational TherapyThis theory can be successfully applied in intervention in schools, home care, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation, and mental health (Schultz, 2014). Thus, there is a wide variety of individuals that could benefit from this model including children, people who have had strokes, post-surgery or injured patients, individuals with dementia, and caregivers (Schultz, 2014). People who have had strokes, specifically, have been successful with this model because of the structure and focus that it provides (Schultz, 2014). Therapists have guided these patients using this model by providing adaptive strategies for their new roles (Schultz, 2014). Therapists have also found success using this model in rehabilitation interventions (Schultz, 2014). Whether it is post-surgery or injury, therapists have found that their patients are more successful and engaged when the intervention plan includes strategies of adaptation within their daily occupational role (Schultz, 2014). In schools, this model has been successful when paired with the occupation of reading model for children who experience difficulty reading (Schultz, 2014). The OA model was used to engage children in meaningful reading activities where they feel confident and successful (Schultz, 2014). Therapists found that when adjusting the reading level, children experienced relative mastery (Schultz, 2014). While the goal of most intervention is improved performance, the OA model focuses on promoting adaptability, which improves overall performance (Schultz, 2014).ConclusionThe ecological model is similar to the OA model in that they both emphasize the influence that the environment has on an individual's occupational performance (Schultz, 2014; Brown, 2014). While the OA model focuses on the importance of adaptability within the environment (Schultz, 2014), the ecological model focuses on modifying the environment for optimal performance (Brown, 2014). The person-environment-occupation (PEO) model, specifically, relates function or dysfunction to a person's fit to the environment (Brown, 2014). Dysfunction, according to the PEO model, is due to a poor person-environment fit and can be rectified by changing the environment (Brown, 2014). The PEO model is based on the idea that therapists should focus on changing the environment to enhance performance rather than changing the individual (Brown, 2014). Consequently, an individual's occupational success is then limited to the confines of the environment that has been adjusted to their capabilities (Schultz, 2014). For example, a child that has difficulty attending to tasks in a loud room: changing the individual's environment to a quiet room would result in improved occupational performance, but the child is then limited to functional performance within the means of a quiet environment. The OA model adequately prepares a person for an ever-changing environment that they can adapt to, therefore their occupations are not limited to one environment (Schultz, 2014). For example, a child that has difficulty attending to tasks in a loud room: a child that is guided on how to adapt in a loud environment through the use of headphones will then be able to apply their new found adaptive skills in other environments. The OA model differs from other models through collaboration with the person and by instilling confidence as well as empowering them with skills that can be applied throughout all of their occupations (Schultz, 2014). I feel most aligned with the OA model because it focuses on life skills that are important to be successful throughout life (Schultz, 2014). The OA model is limitless in the population and settings that it can be applied in, which creates stability and structure to help people thrive (Schultz, 2014). In an ever-changing environment that is inevitable, the OA model provides the necessary structure and guidance to function throughout life (Schultz, 2014).ReferencesBrown, C. (2014). Ecological Models in Occupational Therapy. In Willard and Spackman's Occupational Therapy (12th ed., pp. 494-504). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Model of occupational adaptation process. (1992). In Occupational adaptation: Toward a holistic approach to contemporary practice (Part 1).American Journal of Occupational Therapy. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=1875314.Ranka, J., & Chapparo, C. (1997). Occupational Performance Model (Australia). Retriev ed September 1, 2018, from http://www.occupationalperformance.com/definitions/Schkade, J. K., & Schultz, S. (1992). Occupational adaptation: Toward a holistic approach to contemporary practice, Part 1. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46, 829-837. doi:10.5014/ajot.46.9.829Schultz, S. W. (2014). Theory of Occupational Adaptation. In Willard and Spackman's Occupational Therapy (12th ed., pp. 527-540). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams ; Wilkins.Schultz, S. , ; Schkade, J. K. (1992). Occupational adaptation: Toward a holistic approach to contemporary practice, Part 2. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46, 917-926. doi:10.5014/ajot.46.10.917